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Citizenship and the Constitution of Structured Social Inequality1

University of Tasmania, Hobart, Australia

Both political philosophical and sociological accounts of citizenship stress equal rights and obligations. However, citizenship can be viewed as a vehicle by means of which the state struc tures social inequality in both state socialist and capitalist societies. This occurs in three ways: by offering formal equality to those who are materially disprivileged; by the establishment of differential citizenship statuses; and by the manipulation of political support. The consequent patterns of "unequal citizenship" are a contradiction and there is a continuous expansion and modification of citizenship practices as the contradiction is manifested. Historically there are three forms of citizenship which emerge in response to this contradiction: individualistic citizen ship, uninational citizenship and binational citizenship.

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